Electric porcelain insulators, typically composed of insulating components (such as porcelain pieces) and metal accessories (such as steel feet, iron caps, flanges, etc.), are assembled using adhesive bonding or mechanical clamping. Insulators are widely used in power systems, generally serving as external insulation, operating under atmospheric conditions. They are necessary to support the external conductors of overhead transmission lines, generator and transformer busbars, and various electrical equipment, ensuring they remain insulated from the ground (or grounding elements) or other conductors with different potential differences.