In piping systems, elbows are fittings used to change the direction of the pipeline. Commonly available in 45°, 90°, and 180° angles, additional non-standard angles like 60° are also available based on engineering requirements. Elbow materials include cast iron, stainless steel, alloy steel, malleable cast iron, carbon steel, non-ferrous metals, and plastics.

Ways to connect pipes include direct welding (the most common method), flange connection, hot melt connection, electric melt connection, threaded connection, and socket weld connection, among others. They can be categorized by production process into: welded elbows, stamped elbows, expansion elbows, cast elbows, and double-welded elbows, etc. Other names: 90-degree elbows, right-angle elbows, etc.