In piping systems, elbows are fittings used to change the direction of the pipeline. They come in three common angles: 45°, 90°, and 180°. Additionally, elbows with other non-standard angles, such as 60°, are included based on engineering requirements. Materials for elbows include cast iron, stainless steel, alloy steel, malleable cast iron, carbon steel, non-ferrous metals, and plastics.

Ways to connect pipes include direct welding (commonly used), flange connection, hot melt connection, electric melt connection, threaded connection, and socket-weld connection, etc. They can be categorized by production process into welded elbows, pressed elbows, expanded elbows, cast elbows, and socket-weld elbows, etc. Other names: 90-degree elbows, right-angle elbows, etc.