Stone笼mesh, galvanized stone笼mesh, hot dipped galvanized stone笼mesh. A descriptive explanation of stone笼 is a wire mesh cage used to contain stones, a wire or polymer wire mesh structure designed to secure fill stone in place. It is a structural method that combines riverbank protection and ecological management in today's river and civil engineering projects. The stone笼 is a woven or welded structure made of wire. Both structures can be electro-galvanized, hot dipped galvanized, or hot dipped galvanized aluminum, and the woven wire baskets can be coated with PVC. Using weather-resistant, hard stones as fill material, the stone笼 will not break down quickly due to abrasion in the stone box or stone笼 arrangement. Stone笼 filled with different types of block stones have different characteristics. Angular block stones can interlock well with each other, and stone笼 filled with them is less prone to deformation.
Reinforcement Mesh Structure Requirements: The reinforcement mesh is mechanically woven from high corrosion-resistant, high-tensile, and ductile low-carbon steel wire (galvanized iron wire) or wire coated with PVC. The box-like structure made from this mesh is known as a gabion box. According to ASTM and EN standards, the diameter of the low-carbon steel wire used varies according to engineering design requirements, generally ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 mm. The tensile strength of the reinforcement mesh wire should be no less than 38 kg/m², and the weight of the metal coating is usually above 245 g/m². The diameter of the edge line of the gabion mesh should generally be larger than the wire diameter. The length of the double twisted section must not be less than 50 mm to ensure that the metal coating and PVC coating on the twisted wire are not damaged.
Advantages of gabion mesh structure:
Flexible structures can adapt to the changes in the slope without being damaged, offering even better safety and stability than rigid structures.
2. Strong erosion resistance, capable of withstanding water flow speeds up to 6 m/s.
3. This structure is inherently permeable, offering strong tolerance to the natural action and filtration of groundwater. Suspended particles and silt in the water settle in the gaps between the filled stones, which is conducive to the growth of natural vegetation and the gradual restoration of the original ecological environment.
Use of Stone笼Mesh:
Wire笼 can be used for slope support, foundation pit support, rock surface mesh spraying on mountains, slope vegetation (greening), isolation and protection netting for railways and expressways, and it can also be made into box-like structures and net pads for erosion protection of rivers, dams, and sea dykes. It is used for water conservancy projects to block river and stream flow with net boxes. Due to its ecological protection characteristics, Wire笼 is metaphorically referred to as ecological mesh, and it is a structural method in China for the management of water conservancy projects, protective measures, and ecological environment restoration.
Control and guide rivers and floods
Severe river disasters occur when river currents erode riverbanks, causing floods that lead to substantial loss of life and property, as well as massive soil erosion. Therefore, in addressing these issues, the application of the ecological mesh structure becomes one of the solutions, providing long-lasting protection for riverbeds and riverbanks.
2. In terms of channel canal bed construction:
The construction of channels involves the stability of slopes and riverbeds. Therefore, the use of ecological mesh structures, which have been the primary method for transforming numerous natural rivers and excavating artificial channels over the past century, is essential. These structures provide effective protection for riverbanks or riverbeds, control water flow, prevent water loss, and especially in environmental protection and water quality maintenance, they possess the function of restoring the ecological environment.
3. In terms of revetment and slope protection:
The structure of gabion mesh is a highly successful example in riverbank protection and slope foot protection, fully utilizing the advantages of ecological meshing to achieve ideal effects unattainable by other methods.
Galvanized Stone笼Mesh Material Categories:
Galvanized Steel Wire: Low-carbon steel wire with diameter ranging from 2.0MM to 4.0MM, tensile strength of not less than 380Mpa, with a hot-dip galvanized surface protection. The thickness of the galvanized layer is made according to customer requirements, with a galvanizing amount up to 300g/m² (electroplated zinc has only about 10g).
2. Zinc-5% Aluminum-Mixed Rare Earth Alloy Wire (also known as Galfan) Wire: This is an emerging new material in the international market, offering corrosion resistance three times greater than traditional pure zinc-coated wire. The wire diameter ranges from 1.0MM to 3.0MM, with a tensile strength of not less than 1380Mpa.
3. Galvanized Steel Wire Coated with PVC: Low-carbon steel wire, with a layer of PVC protective coating applied to the surface, then woven into various specifications of hexagonal mesh.
Zinc-5% Aluminum-Mixed Rare Earth Alloy Steel Wire Coated with PVC: The zinc-5% aluminum-mixed rare earth alloy steel wire is coated with a layer of PVC for protection, then woven into various specifications of hexagonal mesh.
Riprap mesh demonstrates protective advantages in hydraulic engineering by:
Ideal ecological construction and restoration functions
The voids within the stone笼 and matting facilitate water flow, promoting natural exchange between water and soil, creating a habitat for aquatic life and microorganisms, thereby enhancing the water body's self-purification capabilities and protecting and improving water sources and quality. The voids in the filling material, either artificially layered with soil or naturally deposited, create conditions for landscaping and vegetation. Even without sowing seeds, plants will naturally grow, optimizing and beautifying the environment, and improving and restoring the ecological environment.
2. Excellent water-permeability function
Retaining walls and slope protection constructed with woven wire baskets, filled with loose materials, have numerous pores that facilitate the drainage of soil and water from beneath the slope. Once surface water infiltrates the soil, it can be quickly排出 through the baskets, effectively lowering the groundwater level and reducing the groundwater pressure behind the wall and beneath the slope. The woven wire basket structure, in slope stabilization and debris flow prevention projects, ensures timely drainage to minimize wall damage and, with its excellent deformation capacity, effectively mitigates the impact of sudden external forces.
3. Stable and comprehensive permeability function.
The stone笼 mesh is a mechanically woven double twisted mesh structure. Local damage will not compromise the integrity of the entire cage. The stone mesh material features moderate deformation, seamlessly connecting the entire project. Even with uneven settlement, the overall structure will not crack or experience serious issues.
4. Simpler construction methods.
The gabion mesh process can be factory-produced as semi-finished products according to design intent. On the construction site, the assembly and shaping are done according to the design drawings, then laid on prepared slopes or excavated foundation pits to form retaining slopes or built-up retaining walls. Filling material is added, and the cover mesh is installed to complete. The operation is simple, minimally affected by weather, and suitable for mechanized operations, ensuring both construction quality and speeding up project progress. During the construction process of a construction unit, affected by the weather, workers originally assigned to building stone retaining walls were transferred to work on the gabion mesh slopes.
5. Landscape effect.
The easy assembly of the stone笼 mesh structure and the variety of colors offer us a wide range of structural design options, catering to different regional landscape requirements. Combined with grass lawns and flower trees, we present a green retaining wall or slope.
6. Excellent corrosion and durability resistance.
The wire used in gabion mesh materials is processed with a hot-dipped aluminum-zinc coating, ensuring a more stable surface finish that effectively reduces oxidation of the wire. After being coated with a resin film, the material boasts corrosion resistance, static electricity prevention, aging resistance, and oxidation resistance, extending its service life. Tests show that when the plastic is soaked in a 30% hydrochloric acid solution for 10 days, there is no discoloration or cracking. This demonstrates that the material can be reliably used in highly polluted areas. The wire coated with the resin film can have a service life of up to 70 years.
7. Excellent resistance to erosion and storm surges.
The gabion mesh structure is highly effective as a slope protection or retaining wall in rivers with high flow rates, boasting strong resistance to erosion. According to relevant experiments, the anti-erosion coefficient of the gabion mesh structure is twice that of general rock pitching protection projects. Even if the stones within the gabion mat are displaced by the water flow, the deformed box structure achieves a new equilibrium, ensuring overall integrity is not compromised. The gabion mesh structure is flexible, with a certain amount of voids in the box filled with stones or other materials. When waves crash onto the peaks, the splashes are crushed, reducing the impact force of wave pressure; as the wave peaks recede, the voids in the box disrupt the vacuum suction force of the waves, further reducing the damage to the protective works. Additionally, the overall structure can self-adjust slightly under the force of waves, effectively preventing cracks in the wall from forming.
Common Structure Forms of Gabion Mesh:
1. Gabion Box - It is a wire mesh box made by cutting and folding heavy-duty hexagonal mesh. Generally, it consists of four folded heavy-duty hexagonal mesh panels, with one large hexagonal mesh folded into four large faces of a rectangular prism, two small hexagonal mesh panels at both ends, and a partition mesh in the middle. The gabion mesh boxes can also be made into triangular or trapezoidal shapes, and when these gabion mesh boxes are stacked to form a dam, the sloping surface is on a single plane.
Riprap mesh boxes, often used in hydraulic engineering retaining walls, are constructed by stacking riprap mesh boxes from 0.5 to 1.0 meters in height. These mesh box retaining walls are primarily used on steep slopes to control mud and rock flows, prevent landslides, and protect road and railway subgrades. The reason for using riprap mesh boxes is their unique ecological function. By simply sprinkling some soil on the protective surface, it can be greened. Due to the gaps between the stones, which accommodate soil, it promotes the growth of plant roots, creating a favorable ecological environment. Even without sprinkling soil, over time, the gaps between the stones will settle with soil, allowing for the growth of herbaceous plants, forming a natural ecological environment. After the production of riprap mesh boxes, they can be bundled and compressed for packaging to save space.
2. gabion matting is a heavy-duty hexagonal wire mesh cut and folded into metal mesh boxes. The thickness of the gabion matting ranges from 0.15 to 0.5 meters, significantly smaller than the length and width of the gabion box. The gabion matting is divided into several cells by single or double dividers. To enhance the structural strength of the gabion matting, the diameter of the wire at the edges of the mesh plates is relatively thick. Primarily used for river channels, riverbanks, road embankments, and coastal slope protection structures. It not only prevents riverbanks from being eroded by water currents and waves but also achieves natural convection between the water body and the soil below the slope, achieving ecological balance. By spreading soil with gabion matting, green vegetation can be planted, adding to the landscape greenery effect on the slope.
Section 3: Gabion Retaining Wall - a retaining structure formed by stacked layers of gabion baskets. The components of the gabion retaining wall are filled with stones of equal size ratios within the baskets, which results in a certain porosity. Due to the gaps between the stones, soil and water beneath the masonry and slope can be drained, thus lowering the water level and reducing the groundwater pressure behind the wall and below the slope. Prompt drainage minimizes the risk of wall destruction, significantly extending the lifespan of the retaining wall. Additionally, the wall baskets are made of wire mesh, allowing for some deformation. Moreover, the stones can also slide against each other, which enhances the wall's ability to absorb sudden external forces.
Four. Roadstone cages, available in two types: one for protecting the road, such as constructing a stone cage embankment alongside the road to withstand floods and safeguard the road; and another for reinforcing the subgrade with stone cage boxes. The second type involves placing heavy-duty hexagonal wire mesh during road construction on the subgrade or when pouring concrete for the road surface, serving as reinforcement within the concrete to prevent cracking.
V. Stone笼Rolls, woven into sheets ranging from 30 to 50 meters, rolled into coils, directly laid on slopes for slope protection, preventing soil erosion and rock falls. They can also be used for slope support, foundation pit support, rock face meshing for shotcrete, slope vegetation (greening), isolation and protection barriers for railways and highways, as well as erosion protection for rivers, embankments, and sea dikes.
Operation of Stone Cages:
1. Operation of stone笼mesh sinking, first involves sinking the mesh made of woven wire. It can also be electroplated and coated with PVC (polyvinyl chloride), where the PVC mesh sinking can also be used for revetment and toe protection.
2. Stone Boxes (Box-shaped Stone Cages). Meshed stone cages are more flexible than welded ones, hence their performance in settling and bearing loads differs. Although care must be taken when filling with stone materials to ensure the stones are packed tightly, rigid stone boxes are sometimes considered easier to fill. For non-standard shapes, such as turns or areas prone to significant settling, it is preferred to use these structures when woven wire or polymer mesh structures can deform without losing strength.
3. Fill the gabion net with weather-resistant, hard stones, which won't easily break due to erosion in stone boxes or gabion layouts. Gabion nets filled with different types of boulders exhibit varied characteristics. Angular boulders interlock well, making gabions filled with them less prone to deformation. Therefore, they are more effective in anti-shear retaining walls than round stones, and also facilitate gabion connections. The general size of the filling is 1.5 times the average mesh size. Individual stones are not less than the standard mesh size (typically used in woven gabions is 60mm x 80mm to 100mm x 120mm), and generally not larger than 200mm in standard size. For stones placed away from the gabion's exterior and within the interior, the size requirements for small stones may sometimes be relaxed.
4. Internal Filling. Mechanical filling is generally faster and cheaper, but it does not offer the same level of control as manual filling. For decorative retaining walls, a good appearance and a dense structure should be achieved. When using either method, the filling material must completely fill the wire mesh baskets. The filling must be packed well to minimize voids, ensuring good contact between individual stones, and packed as tightly as possible to reduce the likelihood of stone movement within the baskets. Both polygonal and round stones can be packed tightly when the filling size is within the normal range, and additional soil can be added as needed.
Roc baskets