Insulators, typically composed of insulating materials (such as porcelain or glass components) and metal accessories (like steel feet, iron caps, flanges, etc.), are assembled using adhesive bonding or mechanical clamping. Insulators are widely used in power systems, generally serving as external insulation, operating under atmospheric conditions. They are necessary to support the external conductors of overhead transmission lines, generator and transformer station busbars, and various electrical equipment, ensuring insulation from the ground (or grounding elements) or other conductors with differing potentials.