Insulators, typically made by bonding or mechanically clamping insulating components (such as porcelain or glass) with metal fittings (like steel legs, iron caps, flanges, etc.) using adhesives. Insulators are widely used in power systems, generally serving as external insulation and operating under atmospheric conditions. They are required to support the live conductors on overhead transmission lines, busbars in power plants and transformer stations, and external conductors of various electrical equipment, ensuring they remain insulated from the ground (or grounding objects) or other conductors with differing potential differences.