Insulators, typically composed of insulating components (such as porcelain or glass) and metal fittings (like steel feet, iron caps, flanges, etc.), are either bonded with adhesive or mechanically clamped together. Insulators are widely used in electrical systems, generally serving as external insulation, operating under atmospheric conditions. They are necessary to support overhead transmission lines, generator and transformer station busbars, as well as external live conductors of various electrical equipment, ensuring insulation from the ground (or grounding objects) or other conductors with differing potential differences.