A heat exchanger is a device used for heat exchange, which can transfer heat between two fluids of different temperatures to achieve heating or cooling. Typically, a heat exchanger consists of a vessel and an internal heat exchanger, which can be in the form of coils, fins, or other heat transfer surfaces. Inside the vessel, the two fluids exchange heat through the heat exchanger, transferring heat from the high-temperature fluid to the low-temperature fluid. The advantages of heat exchangers include energy saving and environmental protection, and they are widely used in the oil, chemical, and energy sectors. The design of heat exchangers must consider factors such as fluid properties, flow rate, temperature, and pressure, as well as the selection of materials and optimization of manufacturing processes.