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Biologicals refer to products produced using biological organisms or processes, primarily including antibiotics or antimicrobials generated through fermentation methods using microbial strains. Antibiotics are compounds produced (or derived through chemical, biological, or biochemical methods) by microorganisms, plants, or animals during their life processes. They are chemical substances capable of selectively inhibiting or killing other microorganisms or tumor cells at low concentrations, and are crucial for controlling infectious diseases, ensuring human health, and preventing and treating diseases in animals and plants.

Antibiotics are primarily produced through biological synthesis using microbial fermentation methods, with a few also produced through chemical synthesis. Additionally, antibiotics obtained by biological synthesis can be modified through chemical, biological, or biochemical methods to create various derivatives, known as semi-synthetic antibiotics.

Biological wastewater source

The biological wastewater can be categorized into extractive wastewater, washing wastewater, and other wastewater. The main pollutants in the wastewater are fermentation by-products, such as sugars, protein lipids, fats, and inorganic salts (e.g., Ca²+, Mg²+, K+, Na+, SO2-, HPO2-, Cl-, C₂O4-), which also include organic solvents and chemical raw materials. Taking the production of cefotetan (with 7-ACA as the active ingredient) as an example, its production process consists of four main steps: fermentation, extraction, cracking, and condensation. Each step involves several unit operations.