Ring Spring Introduction
I. Scope
This document specifies the definition, classification, design calculation, technical requirements, testing methods, inspection rules, marking, packaging, transportation, and storage of annular springs.
This document applies to the external diameter ϕ18mm ~ ϕ500mmRing Spring
Section II: Normative References
The contents of the following documents are incorporated into this document as indispensable terms by the normative references contained within. For referenced documents with dates, only the version corresponding to that date applies to this document; for referenced documents without dates, the new version (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 230.1Metal Rockwell hardness test1Partial: Test Method
GB/T 1031Surface Roughness Parameters and Their Values
GB/T 1182Shape and Position Tolerances - General Rules, Definitions, Symbols, and Representation Methods
GB/T 1184-1996Shape and Position Tolerances, Unspecified Tolerance Values
GB/T 1222Spring Steel
GB/T 1800.1Limit and Fit Fundamentals1Part: Vocabulary
GB/T 1800.2Ultimate and Fit Fundamentals2Basic Regulations on Tolerances, Deviations, and Fit
GB/T 1800.3Limit and Fit - Basics3Partial: Standard Tolerance and Basic Deviation Values Table
GB/T 1800.4Extreme and Fit - Basics4Partial: Standard Tolerance Grades and Limiting Deviations Table for Holes and Shafts
GB/T 1804-2000General Tolerance / Tolerance for linear and angular dimensions not specified
GB/T 1805 Spring Terminology
GJB 2028Magnetic Particle Inspection
III. Terms and Definitions
GB/T 1805The terms and definitions defined herein and the following apply to this document.
3.1Inner Ringinternal（inside）ring
Inner ring with external working cone surfaces on both ends
3.2Outer Ringexternal（outer）ring
Outer ring with internal working cone surfaces on both ends
3.3End Ringend ring
An inner ring with only one end featuring an external working cone face, situated at the ends of a circular spring.
4. Parameter Name, Symbol, and Unit
Table1The parameter names, symbols, and units in this document apply. For ease of use, a structural illustration is provided, as shown in Figure1Shown.
Table1 Parameter Name, Symbol, and Unit
Serial Number | Parameter Name | Symbol | Unit | Description |
1 | Spring Inner Diameter | D1 | mm | |
2 | Spring Outer Diameter | D2 | mm | |
3 | Inner ring outer diameter | D1' | mm | |
4 | Outer diameter within the outer ring | D2' | mm | |
5 | Initial working load | P1 | N | |
6 | Work End Load | P2 | N | |
7 | Spring Free Length | H0 | mm | |
8 | Initial Working Height | H1 | mm | |
9 | Work Completion Height | H2 | mm | |
10 | Ring thickness | h | mm | |
11 | Spacing after spring loading | S | mm | |
12 | Conical Half Angle | β | ° | |
13 | Inner Ring Small Cone Diameter | d1 | mm | |
14 | Outer Ring Large Cone Diameter | d2 | mm | |
15 | Deformation amount | f | mm | |
16 | Load | F | N |
V. Technical Requirements
5.1Dimensions
5.1.1The inner diameter, outer diameter, free height, and compressed height of the circular spring should comply with the specifications in the product drawing.
5.1.2The inner and outer ring dimensions of the annular spring should conform to the tolerance and fit.GB/T 1800.1~GB/T 1800.4As per relevant regulations, the limits of deviation for dimensions not marked with tolerance should comply with...GB/T 1804-2000Please provide the Chinese content you would like translated into American English.mGrade specifications.
5.1.3The inner and outer rings of the circular spring should conform to shape and position tolerances.GB/T 1182、GB/T1184~1996Or provisions for product drawings, where no shape and position tolerances are specified, shall comply withGB/T 1184-1996Please provide the Chinese content you would like translated into American English.kGrade specifications.
5.1.4The inner and outer ring radial dimensions and tolerances of the annular spring should comply with the table.2Regulations specify the shape of the inner and outer rings, as illustrated.2As shown.
Table2 Radial dimensions and tolerances
Outer Diameter Size | Inner Ring | Outer Ring | ||
D1 | D1' | D2 | D2' | |
ϕ18~ 500 | H9/H10 | h8/h9 | H8/H9 | h9/h10 |
Table3 Other sizes and tolerances
Diameter | Project | |||
H0 | h | δ | β | |
ϕ18~30 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.1 +0.1 | -0.1 +0.1 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ30~50 | -0.3 +0.3 | -0.1 +0.1 | -0.1 +0.1 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ50~80 | -0.4 +0.4 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ80~120 | -0.6 +0.6 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ120~00 | -0.8 +0.8 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ200~300 | -1.2 +1.2 | -0.3 +0.3 | -0.3 +0.3 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ300~500 | -1.5 +1.5 | -0.3 +0.3 | -0.3 +0.3 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
5.2Materials
The materials used for the inner and outer rings of the annular spring should comply withGB/T 1222The provisions of relevant technical agreements shall be adhered to, and a quality certificate of conformity should be attached. The material may be put into use only after it has been re-inspected and approved by the contractor. The surface of the material should be smooth with no obvious scratches, dents, or other defects. When other materials are required, the selection shall be agreed upon by both the supplier and the buyer.
5.3Process
High-volume production of circular springs, with the inner and outer rings made from forged blanks, then rolled into finished shape and size on a transfer ring rolling mill. After inspection and approval, they undergo heat treatment.
Ring springs produced in small quantities, with blanks forged freely and then machined to achieve the finished shape and size, followed by heat treatment. Contact surfaces are ground if necessary after heat treatment.
The inner and outer ring surfaces of the annular spring should meet the roughness requirements.GB/T 1031Or provisions related to the product drawings, the roughness of the inner and outer ring conical surfaces is generallyRa0.4~Ra0.8。
Due to the thin ring thickness, special attention should be paid during manufacturing to prevent the ring from warping.
5.4Appearance quality
The inner and outer rings of the annular spring should have smooth surfaces on the arc, cylindrical, and end faces, without any signs of damage, distortion, burrs, or fractures.
5.5Internal Quality
The inner and outer rings of the circular spring should not have cracks or pores, etc., as internal defects.
5.6Design and Structure
5.6.1The design of the circular spring should consider the requirements for stiffness, strength, and motion stability, ensuring it meets the smoothness of movement for the entire buffer system and adapts to its working environment.
5.6.2The structure of the circular spring should meet the basic requirements that neither the inner nor the outer rings exhibit sticking under lubrication conditions.
5.6.3The circular spring is guided by the inner guide rod, and the single-side size should not exceedD1 ×2%Retain the gap between the annular spring and guide rod; the annular spring should be guided by the outer ring guide tube, with the single-side size not exceedingD2 ×2%Retain the gap between the retaining ring spring and the guide tube.
5.6.4Typical design characteristic curve for a circular spring within a loading and unloading cycleOABOAs illustrated3As shown.OAThe segment indicates that the compression of the annular spring during loading is proportional to the load.ABThe segment indicates that the initial decompression stage should have a relatively constant compression volume and exhibit distinct hysteresis characteristics.BOAs the load decreases to a certain extent, the compression begins to diminish and continues to decrease to zero during the unloading process. At this point, the annular spring starts to extend and should return to its original size.
5.6.5Ring springs should possess well-designed vibration-damping properties, and the total energy loss during deformation and recovery should generally not be less than50%。
5.6.6Inner and outer ring hardness
The inner and outer rings of the circular spring should generally have a surface hardness value after heat treatment.48HRC-54HRC。
5.6.7Surface Treatment
The inner and outer rings of the circular spring should be subjected to anti-rust treatment in accordance with relevant standards after mechanical processing, such as phosphatizing and oxidizing.
5.6.8High-pressure treatment
Circular springs should be subjected to a high-pressure treatment, unless otherwise specified, with the general treatment time not less than24h。
5.6.9Wear-in treatment
Circular springs should be磨合processed according to the product drawing specifications. When the drawing does not specify the number of磨合processing cycles, the general number of磨合processing cycles should not be less than10Next.
5.6.10Workload
Ring springs, after being subjected to high-pressure and wear treatment, exhibit improved working load.(P1OrP2The value should comply with the specifications of the product drawing or the contract.
5.6.11Tightness rate
The fit rate between the inner and outer rings of the annular spring and the conical contact surfaces should not be less than75%。
5.6.12Service Life
The service life of the circular spring should comply with the specifications of the product drawings and the manufacturing acceptance technical requirements.
Section 6: Inspection Rules
6.1Inspection Conditions
Subject to specific provisions, the following conditions shall apply:
aIndoor Inspection: Temperature5℃ ~ 35 ℃Relative humidity not exceeding80%；
bOutdoor Inspection: When using instruments, they should comply with the environmental requirements permitted by the instruments.
6.2First Article Inspection
6.2.1The initial identification inspection items for circular springs should be in accordance with the product drawings, contract, and the table below.4Regulations.
6.2.2The inspected samples for the first article inspection should be at least two in number.
6.2.3When all inspected samples and all items of the initial inspection meet the requirements of this specification, the initial inspection is deemed to be passed. If any inspected sample or any inspection item of the initial inspection does not meet the requirements of this specification, the initial inspection is deemed to be failed.
Table4 Inspection Items List
Serial Number | Inspection Items | Requirements Article Number | Inspection Method Article Number | First Article Inspection | Quality Consistency Inspection | ||
A | B | C | |||||
1 | Dimensions | 5.1 | 6.4.1 | ● | ● | - | - |
2 | Appearance quality, surface treatment | 5.2、5.5.7 | 6.4.2 | ● | ● | - | - |
3 | Internal Quality | 5.3 | 6.4.3 | ● | ● | - | - |
4 | Internal and external ring hardness | 5.5.6 | 6.4.4 | ● | ● | - | - |
5 | High-pressure treatment | 5.5.8 | 6.4.5 | ● | ● | - | - |
6 | Wear-in treatment | 5.5.9 | 6.4.6 | ● | ● | - | - |
7 | Workload | 5.5.10 | 6.4.7 | ● | ● | - | - |
8 | Adhesion rate | 5.5.11 | 6.4.8 | ● | - | ○ | - |
9 | Service Life | 5.5.12 | 6.4.9 | ○ | - | - | ○ |
Note:●Mandatory Inspection Items○As per product patterns or inspection items specified in the contract.-Uninspected Items | |||||||
6.3Quality Consistency Inspection
6.3.1Sampling Plan, Grouping Rules
Circular springs for batch inspection shall consist of inner and outer rings made from the same specification and brand of steel, produced under the same processing conditions. The batch size for inspection shall be as specified in the product drawings or contract.
AThe inspection items are subject to a full-count inspection scheme.BGroupCInspection items are conducted according to the product drawings or the sampling scheme specified in the contract.
6.3.2Qualification Criteria
AAll items inspected by the group meet the requirements specified in this specification.AGroup inspection passed; ifAIn the event that any inspection item in the group inspection does not meet the requirements of this specification, it shall be deemed...AInspection failed.
ConvictedADefective items that have been repaired can be re-inspected, and non-compliant products should be removed.
If a single-loop part breaks during the high-pressure treatment inspection, the number of such parts shall not exceed the quantity of single-loop parts in the inspection batch.3At %, replacement with internally or externally treated rings is permitted, followed by re-treatment and inspection. If the number of fractures in a single ring part exceeds the aforementioned specification, the batch should be re-treatment and inspected twice the original time. During the re-treatment and inspection, if there is still a single ring fracture, the batch is deemed不合格.ALot inspection failed.
BIn the batch of samples subjected to group inspection, if any one sample does not meet the requirements specified in this specification, double the number of samples should be re-inspected. If any one sample still fails to meet the requirements, the batch is deemed non-compliant.BLot inspection failed.
Judged asBBatches with group inspection failures can undergo a full inspection and remove any non-compliant items.
CIn the batch of samples inspected, if one does not meet the requirements of this specification, double the number should be re-inspected. If one still does not meet the requirements of this specification, then the batch is deemed不合格.CThe group inspection was不合格.
6.4Inspection Method
6.4.1Dimensions
Inspection using universally applicable and interchangeable measuring tools, with the measuring tools for internal or external diameters having a minimum subdivision value of0.05mm。
6.4.2Appearance quality, surface treatment
Inspect the appearance quality and surface treatment by visual inspection, tactile examination, or reference to standard samples; available for disputes.5Inspect with a magnifying glass, x2.
6.4.3Internal Quality
Please provide the Chinese content to be translated.GJB 2028Inspected in accordance with the regulations.
6.4.4Internal and external ring hardness
As perGB/T 230.1Inspect in accordance with the specified regulations.
6.4.5High-pressure treatment
The annular spring is subjected to high-pressure treatment on a pressure testing machine, compressing it until the coils touch without significant gaps, or until it reaches the specified height for the corresponding product, or until the specified load for the corresponding product is applied, maintaining the required action time for the product. After the high-pressure treatment, the appearance quality is inspected visually.
6.4.6Wear-in treatment
The blending process is conducted after the high-pressure treatment has been approved.
On the磨合试验机上保持 the circular spring in a compressed state, and have it operate as follows:H1Please provide the Chinese content to be translated.H2Between runs, the frequency of round trips3.9.2The process should not be interrupted and should be completed in one continuous session.
6.4.7Workload
The measurement of workload should be conducted after the磨合 process has been qualified.
On the pressure testing machine, the annular spring was compressed toH1OrH2Determine and record workloadsP1OrP2。
When the work load does not comply with the product drawing or contract specifications, adjustable shims can be used for adjustment. The thickness and number of the shims should conform to the requirements of the product technical specifications.
6.4.8Tightness rate
The detection is conducted using the soot method.
6.4.9Service Life
Conduct fatigue tests on the circular spring, ensuring the stroke conforms to the actual working stroke, the back-and-forth frequency matches the working frequency, and the running times should not be less than the actual working lifespan.110%~130%After fatigue testing, inspect or examine the working load, internal quality, and appearance quality of the annular spring to ensure they meet the requirements of the corresponding product drawings and this specification, and record the findings.
Section 7: Branding, Packaging, Transportation, and Storage
7.1Trademark
7.1.1At a prominent location on the circular spring, there should be a legible durability symbol.
7.1.2The logo should include the following elements:
a) Product Model
b) Product Trademark
c) Manufacturer's name or code;
d) Manufacturing Date (Year, Month).
7.1.3Products that pass the factory inspection should have a certificate of conformity or a conformity mark.
7.1.4Certificate of Compliance includes:1Product Name, Model, Specifications;2Product ID:3Factory Name or Code;4Year of manufacture, month;5Inspection personnel.
7.2Packaging
7.2.1The product's packaging and transportation labels should meet the customer's requirements.
7.2.2Packaging should ensure that it is not crushed or deformed.
7.2.3The packaging box should display product name, quantity, and protective markings.
7.2.4The packaging box should indicate the stacking direction and the number of layers allowed to be stacked.
7.2.5The packaging box should include the product certification and instruction manual.
7.3Transportation and Storage
7.3.1Circular springs should be stored in an upright position during transportation and storage, with no damage to the packaging.
7.3.2Ring springs should be handled to avoid impacts during transportation and storage. They should be kept away from acids, alkalis, salts, oils, water, soot, and other organic solvents, and should be as far away from heat sources as possible.
A.1Standard Ring Spring Size Series is shown in the table.A.1
TableA.1
D2 | D1 | h | t | δ0 | β | F | Gea |
mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | ° | kN | kg |
18.1 | 14.4 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 13.1 | 5 | 0.002 |
25 | 20.8 | 5 | 6.2 | 1.2 | 13.5 | 9 | 0.004 |
32 | 27 | 6.4 | 8 | 1.6 | 13.4 | 14 | 0.007 |
38 | 31.7 | 6.4 | 9.4 | 1.8 | 13.4 | 20 | 0.012 |
42.2 | 34.6 | 8.4 | 10.4 | 2 | 13.2 | 26 | 0.018 |
48.2 | 39.4 | 9.6 | 11.8 | 2.2 | 13.4 | 34 | 0.026 |
55 | 46 | 11 | 13.6 | 2.6 | 13.2 | 40 | 0.035 |
63 | 51.9 | 12.6 | 15.4 | 2.8 | 13.3 | 54 | 0.056 |
70 | 58.2 | 14 | 17.2 | 3.2 | 13.2 | 65 | 0.074 |
80 | 67 | 16 | 19.6 | 3.6 | 13.5 | 83 | 0.105 |
90 | 75.5 | 18 | 22 | 4 | 13.3 | 100 | 0.145 |
100 | 84 | 20 | 24.4 | 4.4 | 13.5 | 125 | 0.203 |
130 | 111.5 | 24.8 | 30 | 5.2 | 13.4 | 160 | 0.376 |
124 | 102 | 24.8 | 30 | 5.2 | 13.3 | 200 | 0.408 |
140 | 116 | 28 | 34 | 6 | 13.3 | 250 | 0.568 |
300 | 250 | 60 | 77 | 11.6 | 13.2 | 1000 | 5.51 |
320 | 263 | 64 | 76.4 | 12.4 | 13.1 | 1200 | 7.06 |
350 | 288 | 70 | 83.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 1400 | 9.18 |
400 | 330 | 80 | 95.2 | 15.2 | 13.1 | 1800 | 13.56 |
aWeight of the corresponding annular spring for a pair of contact faces | |||||||
B.1Ring Spring Design Parameters Selection
（1） Cone Surface Inclination - Angle of the cone surfaceβWhen selecting a smaller size, the spring stiffness is lower, ifβ <ρAn automatic locking will occur upon disassembly, meaning it cannot be retracted.βAngle selection too large, then the load during elastic deformation recoveryPRLarger, which reduces the shock-absorbing capability of the annular spring. During design, it is advisable to...β=12°~20°When the precision of the conical surface machining is high, it can be takenβ=12°At moderate processing accuracy, typically takenβ=14.04°Poor lubrication conditions, with a high coefficient of friction.βSize should be larger to prevent self-locking.
（2） Coefficient of frictionfμFriction angleρSelect as per the following conditions:
Raw surface under heavy-duty working conditions | ρ ≈9° | fμ ≈ 0.16 |
Precision-finished surface under heavy-duty working conditions | ρ ≈ 8.5° | fμ ≈ 0.15 |
Precision-finished mating surfaces under heavy-duty working conditions | ρ ≈ 7° | fμ ≈ 0.12 |
（3） Allowable stress of the circular spring is as shown in the table.B.1。
TableB.1Allowable stress of commonly used materials for annular springs/MPa
Processing and Usage Conditions | Allowable stress in the outer ringσ1p | Internal ring allowable stressσ2p |
For general lifespan requirements | 900 | 1200 |
For short lifespan requirements (unprocessed surfaces) | 1000 | 1300 |
Short life expectancy requirements (for precision-finished surfaces) | 1200 | 1500 |
