Ring Spring Introduction
I. Scope
This document specifies the definition, classification, design calculation, technical requirements, testing methods, inspection rules, marking, packaging, transportation, and storage of annular springs.
This document applies to the outer diameter. ϕ18mm ~ ϕ500mmRing Spring
Section II: Standard Reference Documents
The contents of the following documents are incorporated into this document as indispensable clauses by normative references within the text. For referenced documents with dates, only the version corresponding to that date applies to this document; for referenced documents without dates, the new version (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 230.1Metal Rockwell hardness test1Partial: Test Method
GB/T 1031Surface Roughness Parameters and Values
GB/T 1182Shape and Position Tolerances - General Principles, Definitions, Symbols, and Representation Methods
GB/T 1184-1996Shape and Position Tolerances, Unspecified Tolerance Values
GB/T 1222Spring Steel
GB/T 1800.1Limit and Fit Fundamentals1Section: Vocabulary
GB/T 1800.2Extreme and Fit Basics2Basic Regulations on Tolerances, Deviations, and Fits
GB/T 1800.3Limit and Fit - Basics3Section: Standard Tolerance and Basic Deviation Values Table
GB/T 1800.4Extreme and Fit Basics4Partial: Standard Tolerance Grades and Limits of Deviation for Holes and Shafts
GB/T 1804-2000General Tolerance / Tolerance for linear and angular dimensions not specified
GB/T 1805 Spring Terminology
GJB 2028Magnetic Particle Inspection
III. Terms and Definitions
GB/T 1805The defined terms and definitions below apply to this document.
3.1Inner Ringinternal（inside）ring
Internal ring with external working cone surfaces on both ends
3.2Outer Ringexternal（outer）ring
Outer ring with internal working cone surfaces on both ends
3.3End ringend ring
An inner ring with only one end featuring an external working cone face, located at both ends of a circular spring.
4. Parameter Name, Symbol, and Unit
Table1The parameter names, symbols, and units apply to this document. For ease of use, a structural illustration is provided as shown in Figure [insert figure number].1Shown.
Table1 Parameter Name, Symbol, and Unit
Serial Number | Parameter Name | Symbol | Unit | Description |
1 | Spring Inner Diameter | D1 | mm | |
2 | Spring Outer Diameter | D2 | mm | |
3 | Inner ring outer diameter | D1' | mm | |
4 | Outer Diameter Inside Ring | D2' | mm | |
5 | Initial working load | P1 | N | |
6 | Work completion load | P2 | N | |
7 | Spring Free Length | H0 | mm | |
8 | Initial Working Height | H1 | mm | |
9 | Work Completion Height | H2 | mm | |
10 | Ring thickness | h | mm | |
11 | Spacing after spring loading | S | mm | |
12 | Conical Half Angle | β | ° | |
13 | Inner ring small cone diameter | d1 | mm | |
14 | Outer ring large cone diameter | d2 | mm | |
15 | Deformation amount | f | mm | |
16 | Load | F | N |
V. Technical Requirements
5.1Dimensions
5.1.1The inner diameter, outer diameter, free height, and compression height of the circular spring should conform to the specifications outlined in the product drawing.
5.1.2The inner and outer ring dimensions of the circular spring should conform to the tolerance and fit.GB/T 1800.1~GB/T 1800.4As per the relevant regulations, the limit deviations for dimensions without specified tolerance should comply withGB/T 1804-2000No Chinese content provided, so no translation needed.mGrade specifications.
5.1.3The inner and outer rings of the annular spring should meet the shape and position tolerances.GB/T 1182、GB/T1184~1996Or provisions regarding product drawings, where the shape and position tolerances are not specified, should comply withGB/T 1184-1996No Chinese content provided.kGrade specifications.
5.1.4The inner and outer ring radial dimensions and tolerances of the annular spring should comply with the table.2Regulations state, the shape of the inner and outer rings is as illustrated.2As shown.
Table2 Radial dimensions and tolerances
Outer Diameter Size | Inner Ring | Outer Ring | ||
D1 | D1' | D2 | D2' | |
ϕ18~ 500 | H9/H10 | h8/h9 | H8/H9 | h9/h10 |
Table3 Other sizes and tolerances
Diameter | Project | |||
H0 | h | δ | β | |
ϕ18~30 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.1 +0.1 | -0.1 +0.1 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ30~50 | -0.3 +0.3 | -0.1 +0.1 | -0.1 +0.1 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ50~80 | -0.4 +0.4 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ80~120 | -0.6 +0.6 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ120~00 | -0.8 +0.8 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.2 +0.2 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ200~300 | -1.2 +1.2 | -0.3 +0.3 | -0.3 +0.3 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
ϕ300~500 | -1.5 +1.5 | -0.3 +0.3 | -0.3 +0.3 | -0.1° ＋0.1° |
5.2Materials
Material selected for the inner and outer rings of the circular spring should comply withGB/T 1222In accordance with the provisions of relevant technical agreements, the goods should be accompanied by a quality certificate of conformity, which must pass the re-inspection by the manufacturer before they can be put into use. The material surface should be smooth with no visible scratches or dents. When other materials are required, the selection should be agreed upon by both the supplier and the buyer.
5.3Process
Large-scale produced circular springs, with the inner and outer rings made from forging blanks, then rolled into the final shape and size using a reforming mandrel rolling mill. After inspection and approval, heat treatment is conducted.
Small-batch ring springs, blanks forged free and then machined to achieve the finished shape and size, followed by heat treatment. Surface grinding of the contact surfaces is performed as needed after heat treatment.
The inner and outer ring surfaces of the annular spring should meet the roughness requirements.GB/T 1031Or provisions regarding the product's pattern, the surface roughness of the inner and outer ring conical surfaces is generally:Ra0.4~Ra0.8。
Due to the thin ring thickness, special attention should be paid during manufacturing to avoid distortion of the ring.
5.4Appearance quality
The inner and outer ring arcs, cylindrical surfaces, and end faces of the annular spring should be smooth without any damage, deformation, burrs, or fractures.
5.5Internal Quality
The inner and outer rings of the circular spring should not have cracks or pores, etc., as internal defects.
5.6Design and Structure
5.6.1The design of the annular spring should consider the requirements for stiffness, strength, and motion stability, and should meet the smoothness of motion of the entire cache system and adapt to its working environment.
5.6.2The structure of the annular spring should meet the basic requirements that there is no sticking phenomenon between the inner and outer rings under lubrication conditions.
5.6.3Circular spring guided by the inner guide rod, should not exceed the single side size by more thanD1 ×2%Retain the gap between the annular spring and the guide rod; the annular spring should be guided by the outer ring guide tube, with the single-sided size not exceedingD2 ×2%Retain the clearance between the retaining ring spring and the guide tube.
5.6.4Typical design characteristic curve of a circular spring within a loading and unloading cycleOABOAs shown3Shown.OAThe section indicates that the compression of the circular spring during loading is proportional to the load.ABThe section indicates that the compression amount during the initial unloading stage should remain relatively constant and exhibit a distinct lagging characteristic.BOThe section indicates that as the load decreases to a certain extent, the compression begins to decrease and continues to diminish to zero during the unloading process. At this point, the annular spring starts to extend and should return to its original size.
5.6.5The annular spring should possess well-designed vibration-damping properties, and the total energy loss upon deformation and recovery should generally not be less than50%。
5.6.6Inner and outer ring hardness
The inner and outer rings of the circular spring, after heat treatment, should generally have a surface hardness value of48HRC-54HRC。
5.6.7Surface Treatment
The inner and outer rings of the circular spring should be subjected to anti-rust treatment in accordance with relevant standards after mechanical processing, such as phosphatizing and oxidizing.
5.6.8High-pressure treatment
Ring springs should be subjected to a high-pressure treatment, unless otherwise specified, the general high-pressure treatment time should not be less than24h。
5.6.9Lubrication treatment
Circular springs should be磨合 treated according to the product drawing specifications. When the drawing does not specify the number of磨合 treatments, the general number of磨合 treatments should be no fewer than10Next.
5.6.10Workload
Circular springs, after being subjected to high-pressure and磨合 processing, exhibit working load(P1OrP2The value shall comply with the specifications of the product drawings or the contract.
5.6.11Adhesion Rate
The fit rate between the inner and outer rings of the annular spring and the conical contact surfaces should not be less than75%。
5.6.12Service Life
The life of the circular spring should comply with the specifications of the product drawing and the manufacturing acceptance technical requirements.
Section 6: Inspection Rules
6.1Inspection Conditions
Subject to any other provisions, the following conditions shall apply:
aIndoor Inspection: Temperature5℃ ~ 35 ℃Relative humidity not exceeding80%；
bOutdoor Inspection: When using instruments, they should comply with the environmental requirements permitted by the instruments.
6.2First Article Inspection
6.2.1The initial identification inspection items for the circular spring should be in accordance with the product drawings, contract, and the table below.4Regulations.
6.2.2The inspected samples for the first article inspection should be at least two in number.
6.2.3If all inspected samples and all items meet the requirements of this specification, the first article inspection is deemed to pass; if any inspected sample or any inspection item in the first article inspection does not meet the requirements of this specification, the first article inspection is deemed to fail.
Table4 Inspection Items List
Serial Number | Inspection Items | Requirements Article Number | Inspection Method Article Number | First Article Inspection | Quality Consistency Inspection | ||
A | B | C | |||||
1 | Dimensions | 5.1 | 6.4.1 | ● | ● | - | - |
2 | Appearance quality, surface treatment | 5.2、5.5.7 | 6.4.2 | ● | ● | - | - |
3 | Internal Quality | 5.3 | 6.4.3 | ● | ● | - | - |
4 | Internal and External Ring Hardness | 5.5.6 | 6.4.4 | ● | ● | - | - |
5 | High-pressure treatment | 5.5.8 | 6.4.5 | ● | ● | - | - |
6 | Machine break-in treatment | 5.5.9 | 6.4.6 | ● | ● | - | - |
7 | Workload | 5.5.10 | 6.4.7 | ● | ● | - | - |
8 | Tightness rate | 5.5.11 | 6.4.8 | ● | - | ○ | - |
9 | Service Life | 5.5.12 | 6.4.9 | ○ | - | - | ○ |
Note:●Mandatory Inspection Items○Inspect items as per product drawings or as specified in the contract.-Uninspected Item | |||||||
6.3Quality Consistency Inspection
6.3.1Sampling Plan, Batching Rules
Circular springs for batch inspection should consist of inner and outer rings made from the same specification and brand of steel, produced under the same processing conditions. The batch size for inspection shall be as per the product drawings or contract specifications.
AAll items in the group are inspected using the full-count inspection scheme.BGroupCInspection items are conducted according to the product drawings or the sampling scheme specified in the contract.
6.3.2Eligibility Criteria
AAll items inspected by the group meet the requirements specified in this specification.AGroup inspection passed; ifAIf any inspection item in the group inspection does not meet the requirements of this specification, it shall be deemedAGroup inspection failed.
Be deemedADefective items that have been repaired can be resubmitted for re-inspection, and non-conforming products should be removed.
If a single-loop part breaks during the high-pressure treatment inspection, the quantity will not exceed the number of single-loop parts in the inspection batch.3At %, replacement with internally or externally pressed rings after super-pressure treatment is permitted; retest with super-pressure treatment if the number of broken single rings exceeds the aforementioned specifications. If, during the retest with super-pressure treatment, another single ring breaks, the batch is deemed不合格.AInspection failed.
BIf any sample in the group inspection does not meet the requirements of this specification, double the number of samples should be re-inspected. If there is still one sample that does not meet the requirements, the batch is deemed不合格.BThe group inspection failed.
Convicted ofBBatches that fail group inspection can undergo full inspection and non-conforming items can be removed.
CIf one of the samples from the group inspection does not meet the requirements of this specification, double the quantity should be re-inspected. If there is still one that does not meet the requirements, the batch is deemed不合格.CGroup inspection failed.
6.4Inspection Method
6.4.1Dimensions
Inspection using general or interchangeable measuring tools that have been calibrated and found to be qualified; the measuring tools for inspecting the inner or outer diameter should have a least count value of not less than0.05mm。
6.4.2Appearance quality, surface treatment
Inspect the appearance quality and surface treatment by visual and tactile inspection or by reference to standard samples; use as a dispute resolution method when needed.5Inspect with a magnifying glass, x2 magnification.
6.4.3Internal Quality
Please provide the Chinese content you would like translated into American English.GJB 2028Comply with the specified regulations for inspection.
6.4.4Internal and external ring hardness
Please provide the Chinese content to be translated.GB/T 230.1Inspection in accordance with the regulations.
6.4.5High-pressure treatment
The annular spring is subjected to high-pressure treatment on a pressure testing machine, compressing it until the coils are in contact with no significant gaps, or until it reaches the specified height for the corresponding product, or until the specified load for the corresponding product is applied, and maintaining the specified action time for the product. After the high-pressure treatment, the appearance quality is checked visually.
6.4.6Machine Break-in
The blending treatment is conducted after the high-pressure treatment has been approved.
On the磨合试验机, maintain the annular spring in a compressed state, and ensure that it operatesH1Here you go: ToH2Between runs, the number of round trips3.9.2The process should not be interrupted and should be completed in one continuous session.
6.4.7Workload
The measurement of work load should be conducted after the磨合 processing has been qualified.
On the pressure testing machine, compress the annular spring toH1OrH2Measure and record work loadP1OrP2。
When the work load does not conform to the product drawings or contract specifications, adjustable washers can be used for adjustment. The thickness and number of the washers should comply with the requirements of the product technical specifications.
6.4.8Tightness rate
Tested using the coal smoke method.
6.4.9Service Life
Conduct fatigue tests on the circular spring, ensuring the stroke matches the actual working stroke, the reciprocating frequency is identical to the working frequency, and the number of cycles should not be less than the actual working life cycles.110%~130%After fatigue testing, inspect or examine the working load, internal quality, and appearance quality of the annular spring to ensure they meet the requirements of the corresponding product drawings and this specification, and record them.
7. Branding, Packaging, Transportation, and Storage
7.1Brand
7.1.1At a prominent location on the circular spring, there should be a clear durability mark.
7.1.2The logo should include the following elements:
a) Product Model
b) Product Trademark
c) Manufacturer's Name or Code
d) Manufacturing Date (Year, Month).
7.1.3Products that pass the factory inspection should be accompanied by a certificate of conformity or a conformity mark.
7.1.4Certificate of Conformity includes:1Product Name, Model, Specifications;2Product ID;3Manufacturer's Name or Code;4Manufacturing Year, Month;5Inspection Personnel.
7.2Packaging
7.2.1The product's packaging and storage labels should meet customer requirements.
7.2.2Packaging should ensure that it is not subject to compression and deformation.
7.2.3The packaging box should have product name, quantity, and protective markings on the surface.
7.2.4The packaging box should indicate the stacking direction and the number of layers allowed to be stacked.
7.2.5The packaging box should include a product certificate of conformity and a product manual.
7.3Transportation and Storage
7.3.1Circular springs should be stored and transported in an upright position within the packaging box, without any damage to the packaging.
7.3.2Ring springs should be handled to avoid impacts during transportation and storage. They should be kept away from contact with acids, alkalis, salts, oils, water, soot, and other organic solvents, and should be as far away from heat sources as possible.
A.1Standard Ring Spring Size Series is listed in the table.A.1
TableA.1
D2 | D1 | h | t | δ0 | β | F | Gea |
mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | ° | kN | kg |
18.1 | 14.4 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 13.1 | 5 | 0.002 |
25 | 20.8 | 5 | 6.2 | 1.2 | 13.5 | 9 | 0.004 |
32 | 27 | 6.4 | 8 | 1.6 | 13.4 | 14 | 0.007 |
38 | 31.7 | 6.4 | 9.4 | 1.8 | 13.4 | 20 | 0.012 |
42.2 | 34.6 | 8.4 | 10.4 | 2 | 13.2 | 26 | 0.018 |
48.2 | 39.4 | 9.6 | 11.8 | 2.2 | 13.4 | 34 | 0.026 |
55 | 46 | 11 | 13.6 | 2.6 | 13.2 | 40 | 0.035 |
63 | 51.9 | 12.6 | 15.4 | 2.8 | 13.3 | 54 | 0.056 |
70 | 58.2 | 14 | 17.2 | 3.2 | 13.2 | 65 | 0.074 |
80 | 67 | 16 | 19.6 | 3.6 | 13.5 | 83 | 0.105 |
90 | 75.5 | 18 | 22 | 4 | 13.3 | 100 | 0.145 |
100 | 84 | 20 | 24.4 | 4.4 | 13.5 | 125 | 0.203 |
130 | 111.5 | 24.8 | 30 | 5.2 | 13.4 | 160 | 0.376 |
124 | 102 | 24.8 | 30 | 5.2 | 13.3 | 200 | 0.408 |
140 | 116 | 28 | 34 | 6 | 13.3 | 250 | 0.568 |
300 | 250 | 60 | 77 | 11.6 | 13.2 | 1000 | 5.51 |
320 | 263 | 64 | 76.4 | 12.4 | 13.1 | 1200 | 7.06 |
350 | 288 | 70 | 83.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 1400 | 9.18 |
400 | 330 | 80 | 95.2 | 15.2 | 13.1 | 1800 | 13.56 |
aThe weight of the circular spring corresponding to a pair of contact surfaces | |||||||
B.1Circular Spring Design Parameters Selection
（1） Cone Surface Inclination - Angle of the cone surfaceβWhen selecting a smaller size, the spring stiffness is lower.β <ρAn automatic locking mechanism will be engaged upon disassembly, preventing the part from springing back.βAngle selection too large, then the load during elastic deformation recoveryPRLarger, which reduces the shock-absorbing capability of the annular spring. In the design, it is advisable to...β=12°~20°When the precision of the cone surface machining is high, it can be takenβ=12°Typically, when the processing accuracy is average.β=14.04°Poor lubrication conditions, with a higher coefficient of friction.βSelect a larger size to avoid self-locking.
（2） Friction FactorfμWith friction angleρSelect according to the following conditions:
Raw surface, heavy-duty working conditions | ρ ≈9° | fμ ≈ 0.16 |
Precision machined contact surfaces for heavy-duty working conditions | ρ ≈ 8.5° | fμ ≈ 0.15 |
Precision machined surface for heavy-duty working conditions | ρ ≈ 7° | fμ ≈ 0.12 |
（3） Allowable stress of the circular spring is as shown in the table.B.1。
TableB.1Allowable stress of commonly used materials for circular springs/MPa
Processing and Usage Conditions | Permissible stress in the outer ringσ1p | Allowable stress within the inner ringσ2p |
For general lifespan requirements | 900 | 1200 |
For short life expectancy requirements (unrefined surface) | 1000 | 1300 |
For short life expectancy requirements (of finely processed surfaces) | 1200 | 1500 |
