Basic Characteristics of Organic Polymer Materials

High polymers refer to a class of organic compounds with a relatively large molecular weight, which can reach thousands to several million. Structurally, they are composed of many simple, identical structural units called monomers, which are repeatedly connected by chemical bonds. High polymers are also known as high polymers or polymers.

Organic polymer materials are composed primarily of polymer compounds, combined with various additives (or auxiliaries) and processed appropriately to form. The fundamental properties of the material are mainly determined by the polymer compounds. Organic polymer materials possess the following basic characteristics:

Low density – significantly lighter than steel and copper, comparable to aluminum and magnesium, benefiting the lightweighting of electromechanical products.

2. Offers sufficient strength and modulus—capable of replacing certain metal materials in the manufacturing of various mechanical components.

3. Excellent electrical (insulating) properties – play a significant role in promoting insulation in motors, electrical appliances, instruments, and cables. Adding appropriate conductive materials can also create special conductor materials.

4. Excellent friction-reduction, wear-resistance, and self-lubricating properties—many high polymer materials can operate in liquid mediums or under low-oil or oil-free dry friction conditions, with performance that is even superior to metals.

5. Excellent Corrosion Resistance - Generally exhibits good corrosion resistance against acids, alkalis, or certain chemicals. In some specific media, such as acidic media containing chloride ions, its corrosion resistance surpasses that of metals, even exceeding that of common stainless steel.

6. High Tack Adhesives – High molecular weight adhesive can bond various types of materials and parts of different shapes together, ensuring a strong bond and providing sealing and leak-proofing functions.

7. Easy to Alloy - Blends of two or more polymers can be created through physical or chemical methods to form a blended polymer alloy. For instance, a plastic alloy of nylon and polyolefins can achieve an impact toughness 15 times greater than that of the individual materials. The alloying of polymers expands the scope of material modification, allowing for the creation of new materials with diverse properties and suited for various operational conditions.

8. Elasticity – Both linear and cross-linked high polymers possess elasticity. Rubber exhibits excellent elasticity, offering good vibration absorption, vibration resistance, and sealing properties.

9. Excellent Transparency – Many plastics are transparent, with acrylics, for instance, having a light transmission rate exceeding 90%. Many high polymers also possess excellent thermal and sound insulation properties, making them excellent lightweight building materials.

10. Poor heat resistance – long-term use temperature is generally below 200℃. In recent years, there has been an increase in varieties suitable for use above 200℃; those that can withstand temperatures between 300-4000℃ are the goal. However, certain high polymer materials can withstand extremely low temperatures.

11. Flammable - High molecular materials are organic compounds and are flammable or can self-extinguish upon separation from the flame; usually flame retardants are added to eliminate their flammability.

12. Aging-Over time, under the prolonged effects of heat, light, and oxygen, polymers undergo degradation, which reduces their physical and chemical properties as well as mechanical performance, eventually leading to complete loss of usability. To counter this, it is often necessary to add anti-aging agents and other protective measures to extend the lifespan.