If calcium oxide (CaO) or yttria (Y2O3) is added as a stabilizer to zirconia (ZrO2) and then subjected to high-temperature sintering, it transforms into a stable zirconia material. At this point, the tetra-valent zirconium is replaced by the bi-valent calcium or tri-valent yttrium, and oxygen ion vacancies are produced as well, making ZrO2 an anionic solid electrolyte. ZrO2 conducts electricity primarily through the movement of vacancies, and once the temperature exceeds 600°C, ZrO2 becomes an excellent oxygen ion conductor.

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