The "Carbon King" oxygen probe is essentially a high-temperature solid-state electrochemical oxygen sensor (zirconia type). Its core principle is that at high temperatures (>650°C), it utilizes the conductivity of zirconia to oxygen ions, driven by the difference in oxygen concentration (oxygen partial pressure difference) between the internal and external electrodes, oxygen ions migrate from the high-oxygen side through the zirconia electrolyte to the low-oxygen side, forming an electromotive force in a specific proportion to the oxygen concentration difference (following the Nernst equation).