Industrial Heat Treatment (Carbon Control): Based on the furnace temperature (usually closely related to probe temperature), the oxygen partial pressure of the measured atmosphere (P_sample), and some other assumptions (such as "reaction equilibrium constant"), convert to the required parameters, and calculate the carbon potential (usually represented as C_p, in units of % or wt%) using more complex gas equilibrium equations (such as H2O or CO2 concentration equations, or standard atmosphere calculation methods).