In thermodynamics, the fully stable cubic phase ZrO2 is an metastable phase, which undergoes a time-dependent phase transformation at specific temperatures, manifested macroscopically as an increase in the ionic resistance of the electrolyte, fluctuations or decay in the oxygen electromotive force. In recent years, to improve the thermal shock resistance of the cubic phase, partially stabilized ZrO2 (comprising a mixture of tetragonal and monoclinic structures) has begun to be used for oxygen probe manufacturing.

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