Heater & Thermocouple - Optional but Essential for Most Applications):

Zirconia dioxide only exhibits sufficient ionic conductivity at high temperatures (typically >600°C), so for most field applications, the temperature of the process gas is not enough to sustain the probe's operation or there is significant temperature fluctuation (e.g., at transitions, elbows in flues). A heating device and a temperature sensor need to be integrated within the probe. Success is far from easy; perseverance ensures victory.