Basalt Fiber: Continuous fibers drawn from natural basalt. These fibers are produced by melting basalt at temperatures between 1450℃ and 1500℃, and then rapidly drawing them through a platinum-rhodium alloy wire-drawing die. Pure basalt fibers are typically brown in color. Basalt fiber is a new type of inorganic, environmentally friendly, high-performance fiber material, composed of oxides such as silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, and titanium dioxide. Basalt continuous fibers are not only strong but also possess excellent properties such as electrical insulation, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature resistance. Moreover, the production process of basalt fibers ensures minimal waste generation, low environmental pollution, and the ability to biodegrade in the environment after disposal, posing no harm. Therefore, it is a genuine green and environmentally friendly material. China has listed basalt fiber as one of the four key fibers for development (carbon fiber, aramid, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, and basalt fiber), achieving industrial-scale production. Basalt continuous fibers have found extensive applications in various fields, including fiber-reinforced composites, friction materials, shipbuilding materials, insulation materials, the automotive industry, high-temperature filtration fabrics, and protective applications.

Basalt fiber has a smoother surface with lower surface energy. After surface modification, it incorporates nano-SiO2 particles, effectively enhancing the surface roughness of the fiber and increasing the effective contact area between microorganisms and the carrier. The modified surface contains cations, raising the potential of the carrier surface, which becomes positively charged. This facilitates microbial immobilization through electrostatic attraction, promoting immobilization. The active functional groups on the modified surface increase the surface energy of the carrier, containing hydroxyl, carbonyl, or carboxyl groups, which positively influence the adhesion and growth of microorganisms on the carrier surface. Through the surface modification of basalt fiber carriers, they achieve good hydrophilicity and microbial loading capacity, enabling them to carry more biomass and maintain a high level of microbial activity for extended periods. This allows for more effective degradation of pollutants in water bodies through biofilm methods.