This requires not only a scientific attitude but also the courage to explore the truth and foster innovation. This holds profound practical significance for China's reform and opening-up, and for its ongoing endeavors. The pattern of China's economic construction and development is unique in the world, and neither Western economics nor Marxist economics can fully explain or solve many of the issues in our economic construction and even social development, including some fundamental questions that must be addressed. This is a fact, our confusion, and also the driving force for our learning and research. Professor Tang Siwen from the University of Capital and Trade in the capital has long been engaged in the study of "Capital," and has a deep understanding of Marxist economic theory. He often shares insights and experiences. For a long time, he has been committed to in-depth social practice and investigation, closely tracking the development of Western economic theory, closely monitoring the economic conditions of Western developed countries, and the social practice of China's market economy construction. He has his own unique views on many economic and social phenomena.

In the long-term teaching and practical activities, facing students' confusion and questions, especially regarding how to understand social phenomena that cannot be explained by Western economics and Marxist economic theory, and which economic theory is more accurate and scientific, Professor Tang engaged in long-term and in-depth thinking and research. He systematically elaborated and answered these questions, resulting in this book. Clearly, it is a highly individualized professional read, brimming with the author's sincere courage and vibrant thinking. On a cursory examination, the book has three distinct features: innovative theories and sparkling ideas that provoke deep thought. The author, with a rigorous and serious attitude, explores, questions, and examines classical and traditional economic principles. They dare to challenge academic authorities and present many groundbreaking insights: for example, a new price theory—where the price or transaction price is a unity of the seller's price and the buyer's price. The price or transaction price is a monetary representation of value and utility (or marginal utility).

Prices cannot be solely considered as the monetary representation of value, nor can they be seen only as the monetary representation of utility. Price and value, in terms of quality, both share a unity and also exhibit certain qualitative distinctions. He argues that the essence of cost plus expected profit is actually value. Therefore, the essence of the seller's price is value. In contrast, the essence of the buyer's price for scaffoldings with a hook design is the equilibrium utility. The four factors—cost, expected profit, marginal utility of the commodity, and expected utility—, or the two factors—value and equilibrium utility—constitute the internal factors or causes determining prices. The influence of supply and demand on prices is the external factors or causes that form prices. For instance, the new profit theory—profit should be differentiated into ordinary profit and special profit. Ordinary profit is formed by the monetary representation of surplus value created by surplus labor and the monetary representation of the marginal utility of the surplus product; special profit, on the other hand, is formed by the monetary representation of additional value and the increased monetary representation of the marginal utility of the surplus product under conditions where demand exceeds supply. By combining theoretical exploration with realistic analysis, the book provides a compelling account, supported by extensive and rich data and economic information, of the different paths of the market economies in China and the United States, and the fundamental reasons for China's economic rise. The author believes that the production of special monopoly profits is the main cause of economic decline or crisis.