Fiber surface modification technologies include surface oxidation modification, chemical/ electroplating surface modification, plasma modification, and coating modification. Among them, coating modification is widely used, primarily aiming to enhance mechanical properties, environmental aging resistance, and composite properties with other materials. Ying Shuni [7] introduced a block copolymer macromolecule coupling agent (PS-b-PHEA) of polystyrene (PS) and polyacrylic hydroxylethyl acrylate (PHEA) into the basalt fiber (BF) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composite system to improve the interfacial properties of the composites. G.J. Wang [8] utilized low-temperature plasma technology to modify basalt fibers, enhancing their surface chemical stability and roughness, and introducing surface active groups, which are beneficial for improving adhesion properties. Denni Kurniawan [9] used glow discharge plasma to polymerize basalt fiber/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites, resulting in a 45% increase in tensile strength and an 18% increase in modulus.

Exploring basalt fiber as a carrier material for water purification is a new research direction. Guided by the theory of microbial carrier immobilization, we leverage the advantages and environmentally friendly characteristics of the new eco-friendly material, basalt fiber. By applying surface modification techniques to the fiber material, we enhance the carrier's surface energy and biological affinity, creating a new environmentally friendly biological carrier. Through applied research, we evaluate the performance of the basalt fiber carrier, marking a new direction for expanding the application of basalt fiber materials. The use of basalt fiber as a carrier material for water purification is still a blank area. While basalt fiber already possesses general properties as a microbial carrier, to better improve its surface microbial adhesion, surface modification is necessary. This is an urgent issue to be addressed for the widespread application of basalt fiber carriers.

Basalt Fiber Applications in Functional Apparel: Basalt fiber fabric boasts high strength, flame retardancy, and short-term heat resistance above 1000°C, capable of long-term use in environments up to 760°C, making it an ideal substitute for asbestos and glass fiber fabrics. With its high tensile strength, high temperature resistance, and flame retardant properties, it serves as a cost-effective alternative to high-performance fibers such as Nomex (Aramid 1313), Kevlar (Aramid 1414), Zylon (PBO fiber), and carbon fiber. Chemically dyed and printed, basalt fiber fabric can be treated for functional purposes, like oil and water-resistant flame retardancy. Apparel that can be manufactured from basalt fiber fabric includes fire fighter protective suits, heat-resistant clothing, fire-resistant suits, furnace worker protective gear, and welding work clothes, among others.