Fiber surface modification technologies primarily include surface oxidation modification, chemical/ electroplating surface modification, plasma modification, and coating modification. Among them, coating modification is widely used, primarily aiming to enhance mechanical properties, environmental aging resistance, and composite performance with other materials. Ying Shuni [7] introduced a block copolymer macromolecule coupling agent (PS-b-PHEA) of polystyrene (PS) and polyacrylic hydroxylethyl ester (PHEA) into the basalt fiber (BF) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composite system to improve the interfacial properties of the composite. G.J. Wang [8] utilized low-temperature plasma technology to modify basalt fibers, enhancing surface chemical stability and roughness, introducing surface active groups, which are beneficial for improving adhesion properties. Denni Kurniawan [9] employed glow discharge plasma to polymerize basalt fiber/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites, resulting in a 45% increase in tensile strength and an 18% increase in modulus.

Exploiting basalt fiber as a carrier material for water purification is a new research direction. Guided by the theory of microbial carrier immobilization, we leverage the advantages and environmentally friendly characteristics of the new eco-friendly material, basalt fiber. By applying the surface modification method of fiber materials, we enhance the surface energy and biological affinity, creating a new environmentally friendly biological carrier. Through applied research, evaluating the performance of basalt fiber carriers, we are paving the way for new applications of basalt fiber materials. Basalt fiber as a carrier material for water purification is still a blank field. While basalt fiber already possesses general properties as a microbial carrier, to better improve its surface microbial adhesion, surface modification is necessary—a critical issue to be addressed for the wide application of basalt fiber carriers.

Basalt Fiber Applications in Functional Apparel: Basalt fiber fabric boasts high strength, flame retardancy, and short-term heat resistance above 1000°C, capable of long-term use in temperatures up to 760°C, making it an ideal substitute for asbestos and glass fiber fabrics. With its high tensile strength, heat resistance, and flame retardant properties, basalt fiber fabric is a cost-effective alternative to high-performance fibers like Nomex (Aramid 1313), Kevlar (Aramid 1414), Zylon (PBO fiber), and carbon fiber. Chemically dyed and printed, basalt fiber fabric can be treated functionally, such as with organic fluorine for oil and water-resistant flame-retardant fabric. Apparel that can be manufactured from basalt fiber fabric includes firefighters' fire-fighting protective suits, heat-resistant suits, fire-resistant suits, furnace worker protective suits, welding work clothes, and flame-retardant suits for armor vehicle crew.