Electric porcelain insulators, typically composed of insulating components (such as porcelain) and metallic accessories (such as steel legs, iron caps, flanges, etc.), are assembled using adhesive bonding or mechanical clips. Insulators are widely used in power systems, generally serving as external insulation and operating under atmospheric conditions. They are required to support the external live conductors of overhead transmission lines, generator and transformer busbars, and various electrical equipment, ensuring they remain insulated from the ground (or grounding objects) or other conductors with differing potential differences.
