Perforated end caps are a component of containers, connected to the cylinder by welding. Depending on the geometric shape, they can be classified into several types, including spherical, elliptical, dish-shaped, hemispherical, conical shell, and flat cover. Among them, the spherical, elliptical, dish-shaped, and hemispherical end caps are collectively referred to as convex end caps. In terms of welding, they are divided into socket welding end caps and insert welding end caps. They are used in various types of equipment such as storage tanks, heat exchangers, towers, reactors, boilers, and separation equipment. Materials include carbon steel (A3, 20#, Q235, Q345B, 16Mn, etc.), stainless steel (304, 321, 304L, 316, 316L, etc.), alloy steel (15Mo3, 15CrMoV, 35CrMoV, 45CrMo), aluminum, titanium, copper, nickel, and nickel alloys.