In pipeline systems, elbows are fittings used to change the direction of the pipeline. Commonly available in angles of 45°, 90°, and 180°, additional non-standard angles such as 60° may also be included based on engineering requirements. Materials for elbows include cast iron, stainless steel, alloy steel, malleable cast iron, carbon steel, non-ferrous metals, and plastics.
Ways to connect pipes include direct welding (common method), flange connection, hot melt connection, electric melt connection, threaded connection, and socket connection, etc. They can be categorized by production process into: welded elbows, stamped elbows, extruded elbows, cast elbows, and socket-weld elbows, etc. Other names: 90-degree elbows, right-angle elbows, etc.
