In piping systems, elbows are fittings used to change the direction of the pipeline. Commonly available in 45°, 90°, and 180° angles, additional non-standard angles such as 60° elbows are also available based on engineering requirements. Materials for elbows include cast iron, stainless steel, alloy steel, malleable cast iron, carbon steel, non-ferrous metals, and plastics.
Connection methods to pipes include direct welding (the most common method), flange connection, hot melt connection, electric melt connection, threaded connection, and socket welding connection, among others. Categorized by production process, they are: welded elbows, stamped elbows, expanded elbows, cast elbows, and socket-welded elbows, etc. Other names: 90-degree elbows, right-angle elbows, etc.
