An expansion joint is a flexible element that effectively compensates for axial deformation. For instance, the expansion joint with a high axial flexibility, which is welded to the shell of a fixed tube sheet heat exchanger, can easily deform and compensate for the thermal expansion difference caused by varying wall temperatures in the tubes and shell, thereby reducing their axial loads. This helps to minimize the temperature stress between the tubes, tube plates, and shell, preventing strength failure, instability failure, and tube pull-out failure. There are various types of expansion joints, commonly including bellows, welded ring plates, and cladded types. Among them, bellows expansion joints are widely used, while welded ring plate expansion joints are only suitable for atmospheric or low-pressure conditions.
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