Primarily garden irrigation and drainage projects.
Landscape irrigation and drainage, as well as wastewater treatment, are crucial components of landscape engineering, essential for meeting people's demands for water volume, quality, and pressure. Water can become contaminated during use, and well-designed water supply and drainage systems, along with wastewater treatment facilities, play a vital role in both landscape construction and environmental protection.
Landscape Irrigation
Water supply is categorized into domestic, industrial, and fire-fighting uses. The sources of water supply include surface water sources, primarily rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, etc., which are abundant in water and serve as the main water sources in landscape gardening. The other source is groundwater, such as spring water and artesian water. When selecting a water supply source, priority should be given to the requirements of good water quality, ample supply, and ease of protection. Ideally, direct connection to the nearest city's water supply network system near the scenic area is preferred. If there is no water supply network nearby, groundwater should be prioritized, followed by the use of river, lake, or reservoir water.
A water supply system typically consists of water intake structures, pumping stations, water purification facilities, transmission pipelines, water towers, and elevated reservoirs.
Hydraulic calculations for water distribution systems include the calculation of water consumption, generally based on water usage standards, which are one of the main bases for hydraulic calculations in water distribution systems.
The hydraulic calculation for the water supply system involves determining the pipe diameter and calculating the head loss, thereby establishing the required water pressure for the water supply system.
The selection of water supply equipment includes the choice of indoor and outdoor equipment as well as the selection of pipe diameters for water supply.
Landscape Drainage
(1) Components of the drainage system
(1) Wastewater Drainage System: Comprising indoor sanitation equipment and wastewater piping systems
The system consists of indoor and outdoor sewage pipelines, sewage pump stations and pressure pipelines, treatment and utilization structures, and outfall points into water bodies.
(2) Rainwater Drainage System: consisting of the scenic area's rainwater channel system and outlets.
Grates and other components.
(2) Drainage system design
Wastewater and rainwater pipes can be arranged in a branching pattern on the plane, flowing from higher to lower ground levels along the slope of the ground and roads. It is recommended to make the most of natural ground or open ditches for drainage to minimize investment. Common forms include: (1) Landform Drainage: By vertical design, valleys, ravines, gullies, and other natural terrain features are utilized for drainage.
Natural organization and division of drainage areas along slopes and paths, with nearby discharge into water bodies or adjacent stormwater pipes, can save on investment. Topographical drainage and surface planting with turf, with a water slope of 5‰.
(2) Open Drainage Ditches: Primarily refers to earthen open ditches, but may also involve the construction of brick, stone, or concrete open ditches in certain sections as needed, with a slope of no less than 4‰.
(3) Pipeline Drainage: The pipeline is buried underground with a slight slope, allowing for natural and aesthetically pleasing drainage through the drainage structures.
In our country, the drainage of green spaces in gardens should primarily adopt surface and open channel drainage, with local areas also using subterranean drainage as a supplementary method. Open channel drainage should be implemented according to local conditions, utilizing the terrain to guide the process.
To ensure that surface runoff from rainwater is promptly and efficiently channeled and drained without causing excessive flow that erodes the topsoil, leading to soil and water loss, vertical planning and design should integrate water management considerations with topographical design.
Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater in gardens primarily consists of domestic wastewater and precipitation. The wastewater generated in scenic gardens is mainly domestic, hence containing a large amount of organic matter, bacteria, and other substances, posing certain hazards. Basic wastewater treatment methods include physical, biological, and chemical methods, which are often applied in combination. Sedimentation treatment is considered primary treatment, while biological treatment is secondary. On the basis of biological treatment, further chemical treatment to enhance the effluent quality is referred to as tertiary treatment. Generally, in various scenic areas and cities across the country, wastewater after primary and secondary treatments can basically meet the national wastewater discharge standards. Tertiary treatment is only considered for water bodies or wastewater volumes with particularly high discharge standards (such as when part of a scenic area) or when the wastewater volume is relatively small.