Chromium (Cr≥9%) forms a dense Cr₂O₃ protective layer, reducing the oxidation rate of 10Cr9Mo1VNb (T91) to ≤0.1mm/year at 650°C, extending its lifespan by five times.

Molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W) enhance materials' resistance to pitting corrosion in acidic environments, such as 316L stainless steel with a pitting corrosion rate of ≤0.02mm/year in geothermal fluids at 200°C.

Alloy elements (such as V, Nb) form fine carbides, hindering grain boundary sliding. The 12Cr1MoVG steel maintains a yield strength of ≥255MPa at 580°C, which is twice that of carbon steel.

Through controlled rolling and controlled cooling processes, the grain size of 12Cr2MoG is refined (ASTM E112 rating ≥10), achieving a fatigue limit of 280MPa under alternating stress.