The primary effects of ultrasonic metal welding machines include the following four: when ultrasonic waves propagate through a medium, due to the interaction between the ultrasonic waves and the medium, physical and chemical changes occur in the medium, resulting in a series of mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, and chemical ultrasonic effects.

Mechanical Effect

Ultrasonic mechanical action can promote emulsification of liquids, liquefaction of gels, and dispersion of solids. When standing waves form in an ultrasonic fluid medium, tiny particles suspended in the fluid are condensed at the nodes due to the mechanical forces, forming periodic堆积 in space. When ultrasonic waves propagate through piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials, induced polarization and magnetization (as seen in dielectric physics and magnetostriction) are caused by the mechanical action of the ultrasonic waves.

2. Cavitation effect

Ultrasound can generate a large number of small bubbles when acting on liquids. One reason is the local tensile stress within the liquid forms a vacuum, which lowers the pressure and causes the gas originally dissolved in the liquid to become supersaturated and escape as small bubbles. Another reason is the strong tensile stress "tears" the liquid into cavities, known as cavitation. Inside these cavities, there is liquid vapor or another gas dissolved in the liquid, or even a vacuum.

Cavitation bubbles, formed by the cavitation effect, continuously move, grow, or suddenly collapse due to the vibration of the surrounding medium. Upon collapse, the surrounding liquid rushes into the bubble, generating high temperatures and pressures, along with shock waves. The internal friction associated with cavitation can produce charges, which lead to luminous phenomena due to discharge within the bubble. The technology of ultrasonic treatment in liquids is mostly related to cavitation.

3. Thermal Effect

Due to its high frequency and large energy, ultrasonic waves produce a significant thermal effect when absorbed by the medium.

Chemical Reaction

Ultrasonic waves can induce or accelerate certain chemical reactions. For instance, a dye solution will change or fade in color after ultrasonic treatment. These phenomena are always accompanied by cavitation. Ultrasonic waves can also accelerate the hydrolysis, decomposition, and polymerization processes of many chemicals.

Ultrasound also has a significant impact on photochemical and electrochemical processes. After treatment with ultrasound, various organic substances in solution exhibit a disappearance of characteristic absorption bands and present a uniform general absorption, indicating that cavitation alters the molecular structure.