Round Sculpture. Round sculpture refers to non-compressed three-dimensional sculptures that can be appreciated from multiple angles and directions. The techniques and forms are diverse, ranging from realistic to decorative, and from specific to abstract, as well as indoor and outdoor, freestanding and large urban sculptures, painted and unpainted ones; the content and themes of the sculptures are also rich and varied, including figures, animals, still lifes, and more; the materials used are even more diverse, including stone, wood, metal, clay, textiles, paper, plants, rubber, and more.
Round sculpture, as one of the modeling techniques in sculpture, has a wide range of applications and is also a common glass fiber sculpture form among the general public.
②Relief Sculpture. Relief sculpture is a product of the fusion of sculpture and painting, which uses compression techniques to handle objects, relying on perspective and other factors to express three-dimensional space, and is typically viewed from one or two sides only. Relief sculptures are usually attached to another plane, making them more commonly used in architecture and often seen on utilitarian objects. Due to their compressed nature, they occupy less space, making them suitable for decorative purposes in various environments. In recent years, they have taken on an increasingly important role in urban beautification efforts. Relief sculptures are as diverse in content, form, and material as round sculptures.

It primarily features several styles, including shrine-like, high relief, low relief, incised line, and镂空.

Ancient Chinese cave sculptures can be categorized as altar sculptures, which, based on different sculptural techniques, can further be divided into realistic, decorative, and abstract styles.

The bas-relief is compressed and has minimal undulations, maintaining a sense of architectural flatness while also exhibiting a certain sense of volume and undulation.

Line engraving is a fusion of painting and sculpture, created through light and shadow, using light as the brush, even with subtle undulations that convey a sense of elegance and reserve.

③ Open-carved. Removing the base of the bas-relief creates an open-carved (镂空雕) design. By eliminating the base of the so-called bas-relief, it generates a versatile negative space, and there's a rhythmic transition between the contours of the negative and positive spaces. This technique was commonly used in windows, doors, balusters, and furniture, with some pieces designed for viewing from both sides.

Step 1: The production process begins by following the shaped three-dimensional clay model. Initially, a brush is used to sketch the general outline on the material. Next, excess material outside the drawn outline is removed using an axe and carving tools. Then, the rough casting is chiseled. During the operation, the material is placed on a chisel stool and secured with a rope, or it can be held between the feet while lying on the ground. The chiseling is primarily done with wide flat chisels and large countersunk round chisels, alternating to first create the large form proportions. A geometric cubic shape is used to emphasize major transitions and the direction of volume.

For example, in sculpting figures, one typically first carves the limbs, shaping the volume outside of the head. Then, the head, chest, and pelvis are carved into separate blocks. Next, the shapes like vertical or slanted are carved. Once the basic sculpting shape of the human figure is complete, each part is carved individually according to the human structure and proportions, creating the convex and concave shapes such as between the cheeks and facial features, between the chest and neck, and the undulations between the chests. When carving the convex and concave shapes, allowance must be made for the subsequent two processes.

Step Two: Carving Fine Molds, this process is to correct the shortcomings of the previous step and enhance the depiction of details. Smaller flat and round chisels can be used, either by holding them against the shoulder or pushing with the hand (i.e., cutting the mold with a knife). This sequentially carves the body structure, facial features, and expressions, as well as the虚实 relationships of clothing folds. Particularly in handling figures' robes, attention is paid to the techniques of emptiness and fullness, movement and stillness, wet and dry, curves and straightness, gathering and dispersing, and hanging.

Step three: Polishing, a meticulous process that further refines the rough casting. It is not a mere repetition but rather a task to remove unwanted tool marks and to clearly define the subtle shapes of each part. The aim is to achieve a smooth, glossy finish with distinct texture, using tools such as flat blades, small round blades, and triangular blades.

Sculptures are not only divided by form but also boast a rich variety of materials, including stainless steel, ironwork, fiberglass, resin, cast copper, metal, clay, foam, and more.